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- Operating
Experiences With a New Organic Trap Resin, by Peter Meyers
A new ion exchange resin has extremely high moisture content and
removes organics without fouling. The new resin has been successfully
used as an organic trap, in front of ion exchange demineralizers.
Because the organics can be removed by regeneration with brine,
this resin is far more economical than activated carbon to protect
demineralizer resins from fouling.
- Demineralizer
Design Considerations, presented at the 33rd and 34th Annual Liberty
Bell Corrosion Courses, Philadelphia, Pa., September 1995 and
1996. Also published in Ultrapure Water Magazine, Part 1, September
1996 and Part 2, October 1996.
Input data such as flow rate, inlet conductivity, and resin capacity
is used to develop design strategies for two-bed demineralizers;
how to size the vessels, create a regeneration schedule, and complete
the various process design requirements.
- Behavior
of Silica in Ion Exchange And Other Systems, by Peter Meyers.
Presented at the International Water Conference, held in Pittsburgh,
PA October 18-20, 1999.
Silica is the second most abundant element found on earth. Although
silicon itself (Si) is a glassy insoluble solid, the various oxides
(primarily "Si02") are somewhat soluble in water. Indeed, all
natural water supplies contain some dissolved "silica". Many supplies
also contain suspended or colloidal silica.
- Low TOC Mixed
Bed Resin, by Francis J. DeSilva, published in Water Conditioning
& Purification Magazine, December 1996.
Ion Exchange products capable of producing high purity, low TOC
effluent water are discussed. Recent emphasis on low TOC requirements
for pharmaceutical waters has led to the development of a super
low TOC mixed bed resin by ResinTech. ResinTech MBD-15-LTOC is
capable of producing water with less than 25 ppb TOC in less than
25 bed volumes.
- Cleaning
of Oil Fouled Softener Resins, by PETER S. MEYERS PRESENTED
AT THE55TH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE,, PITTSBURGH,
PENNSYLVANIA, OCTOBER 31 - NOVEMBER 1-2, 1
This progress report started with some samples of resin used to
soften oil field produced water. ResinTech was asked to evaluate
various commercially available cleaners used for iron removal.
The resin samples were fouled with oil, typical of softener resins
used in this application. However, there was very little iron
fouling on the resin. The cleaners designed to remove iron fouling
did little to improve the softening performance. One cleaner,
designed for oil fouling, followed by a cleaner designed for iron
fouling, did produce a significant improvement in the softening
capacity of the resin.
- Common
Pitfalls of Ion Exchange for Organic Traps, by Michael Gottlieb.
Published in Water Technology Magazine, 1999
Organic traps (ire used primarily in two applications -- color
removal from drinking water and as protection for demineralizers
to reduce fouling. The following article is not so much a "how
to" piece on how to design such traps but rather a discussion
of common problems and how to avoid them, with respect primarily
to color removal. Fouling with organics is a separate issue not
discussed here.
- Cost
of Retrofit of Existing Demineralizers With Pack Beds, by
Peter Meyers. Presented at the 1997 International Water Conference
As the state of the art for new ion exchange systems improves
in the United States, it is becoming quite clear that most of
the large make up demineralizer of early vintage are woefully
inefficient compared to modern technology. In addition, there
are very few new large make?up demineralizers being built in the
United States. This has caused a change in emphasis for many equipment
suppliers.
- Essentials
of Ion Exchange, by Francis J. DeSilva. Presented at the 25th
Annual WQA Conference March 17, 1999
Natural water supplies contain dissolved salts, which dissociate
in water to form charged particles called ions. These ions are
usually present in relatively low concentrations and permit the
water to conduct electricity. They are sometimes referred to as
electrolytes. These ionic impurities can lead to problems in cooling
and heating systems, steam generation, and manufacturing. The
common ions that are encountered in most waters include the positively
charged cations; calcium and magnesium (hardness forming cations,
which make a water "hard") and sodium. The negatively charged
anions include alkalinity, sulfate, chloride, and silica.
- Factors
in High Purity Mixed-Bed Demineralizers
The operation of high purity mixed-bed demineralizers has become
routine, but not without a growing need for main taining and solving
operating problems. We foresee increasingly stringent effluent
specifications for specific ionic species to a range even lower
than parts per billion. This article focuses on the equilibrium
and kinetics of ion exchangers as related to mixed beds. Its purpose
is to lay a foundation for future discussions of specific operating
environments and for understanding of important relationships
among the inorganic ions in mixed beds operating in the range
of 18 megohm-cm resistivity.
- New
Advances in the Production of Ultra Low TOC Effluents with Virgin
Resins, by Michael C. Gottlieb, Peter S. Meyers. Presented
at the Ion Exchange at the Millennium 2000, July 16 - 21, 2000
in Cambridge, England.
The latest requirements for polishing mixed beds used in water
production include low parts per trillion leakage of inorganic
ions and less than one part per billion of TOC. Due to the extreme
difficulty in reliably obtaining ppt levels of inorganic ions
from regenerated or cycled mixed beds, (even with enhanced separation
techniques); a trend has developed to use virgin mixed beds as
final polishers. The problem has now become to make a mixed bed
using only virgin (non-cycled) resin components that can quickly
rinse down to below one part per billion of TOC. We have developed
and commercialized a processes for substantially reducing tile
Leachable TOC levels in virgin resins and have used this technology
to produce "virgin mixed beds" that routinely produce sub-ppb
TOC in less than 100 Bed volumes from start up while also, reaching
inorganic concentrations of less than 50 parts per trillion.
- Optimizing
Portable Exchange DI Plants, by Francis J. DeSilva & Larry
Gottlieb. Published in Water Conditioning & Purification Magazine,
August 1997.
This is the first in a series of papers that are dedicated to
the optimization 01A IC resources III portable exchange DI (PEDI)
plants. PEDI plants are designed to regenerate resins at a central
location and then hi?in, these regenerated resins out to customer's
plants to provide DI water. When those tanks are exhausted they
are returned to the central regeneration facility where they are
regenerated.
- Predicting
The Operating Capacity Of Strongly Basic Anion Resins From Static
Laboratory Tests, by Michael C. Gottlieb. Presented at the
1997 Water Quality Association Conference.
The concept of calculating the operating capacity of anion resins
with both weakly and strongly basic ion exchange sites was first
put forth in 1986 . Since that time the technology has been developed
into a comprehensive mathematical model, which has been placed
into a proprietary software program.
- The
Production of Ultra Low TOC Resins, by Michael C. Gottlieb
& Peter Meyers. Presented at the Semiconductor Pure Water
Show Santa Clara, CA, March 2 - 5, 1998
The latest requirements in Ultrapure Water for wafer production
call for low parts per trillion (ppt) leakage of inorganic ions
and sub?Parts per billion (ppb) of TOC. Due to tile difficulty
in reliably obtaining ppt levels of inorganic ions from regenerable
mixed beds, (even with enhanced separation), a trend has developed
to use virgin mixed beds as final polishers.
- Removal
of More (Or Less) Unconventional Impurities, by Peter Meyers,
Presented at the Ultrapure Water Expo 1998, Pharmaceutical Executive
Forum, April 16. 1998
In a short presentation, it is somewhat difficult to decide where
to place the emphases of the discussion. In this forum, we are
to tackle the question of unconventional impurities and means
for their removal. This subject is worthy of several days' discussion
by itself.
- Removing
Organics With Ion Exchange Resin, DeSilva, Francis J., Water
Conditioning & Purification Magazine, 1997
It is not too often that a water treatment problem can be fixed
without spending money on new equipment, but when treating water
for the removal of organics, the answer may be as simple as adding
a small amount of anion resin to an existing softener. Organic
materials can cause unwanted tastes, colors or odors in potable
water supplies, and can stain clothes washed in water containing
these compounds.
- The
Reversible Removal of Naturally Occurring Organics Using Sodium
Chloride Regenerated Ion Exchange Resins, by Michael Gottlieb,
Published in Watertech, 11/10/93. This is the first in a series
of papers on the use of strongly basic anion exchange resins for
the control and removal of naturally occurring organic substances
from water. My specific goals in this presentation are to show
the mechanisms affecting organics behavior, give preliminary performance
estimates for resin organic interactions, and to document the
major steps in development of the knowledge that made this presentation
possible. Therefore, a good deal of this presentation will be
historical in nature.
- Some
Like It Hot, Some Like It Cold: Water Temperature Affects Both
Resin and System Functions, by Frank DeSilva and Bill Koebel.
Published in the Water Quality Products Magazine, August 2000.
Water temperature has an effect on many parts of an ion exchange
system, including the service, backwash and regeneration cycles.
Integrating these effects into the operation and design of an
ion exchange system helps minimize leakage and aid in troubleshooting
when problems arise.
- Superfund
Site Cleanup of Chromate Contaminated Groundwater, by Dick
Chmielewski, Published in Soil & Groundwater Magazine, December
1999/ January 2000
The Boomsnub site in the state of Washington was listed as a Superfund
site in 1995. the site consists of two parcels of land, previously
containing two unrelated businesses, which contributed separately
to soil and groundwater contamination. The Boomsnub Metal Plating
facility operated on about 0.5 acres, from 1967 to 1994. This
facility was responsible for releases of chromium contaminated
wastes which resulted in contaminated soil and groundwater by
hexivalent chrome.
- They keep going and going
and going: Predicting The Operating Capacity Of Strongly Basic
Anion Resins Froth Static Laboratory Tests, by Michael Gottlieb,
Published in Water Conditioning & Purification Magazine, May
1997
Whether you use deionization as a water purification method in
a bottling plant, a car wash or chemical formulation for electroplating,
pharmaceutical or photographic operations, the recommended life
of your anion resins has often been based on a "magic" number
for a singular application rather than varied performance under
alternative applications.
- Activated
Carbon Filtration, by Frank DeSilva. Published in Water Quality
Products Magazine, January, 2000.
Granular activated carbon (GAC) is commonly used for removing
organic constituents and residual disinfectants in water supplies.
This not only improves taste and minimizes health hazards; it
protects other water treatment units such as reverse osmosis membranes
and ion exchange resins from possible damage due to oxidation
or organic fouling. Activated carbon is a favored water treatment
technique because of its multifunctional nature and the fact that
it adds nothing detrimental to the treated water.
- Applications
of Weak Acid Cation Resin in Waste Treatment, by Peter Meyers,
ResinTech Inc. Presented at the AESF Conference, June 1999.
Weak acid cation resins have very high selectivity for divalent
cations, particularly copper and nickel. This makes them ideal
candidates for the removal of various metals from wastewater streams.
This type of ion exchange resin has not been widely used by the
surface finishing industry. This may be the result of a lack of
understanding abouthow weak acid cation resins work. This paper
discusses the chemistry of weak acid cation resins and explores
the various potential uses for the removal of metals from wastewater.
- Boron
Removal From Ultrapure Water By Born Selective Ion Exchange,
by Peter Meyers, ResinTech, Dan Wilcox, Advanced Micro Devices,
Co-authors Marcel Montalvo, Advanced Micro Devices, Scott Walsh,
Ultrapure & Industrial.
Presented at the Semiconductor Pure Water And Chemicals Conference,
March 2000. Published in Ultrapure Water Magazine, June 2000.
Boron selective ion exchange resin has been available for many
years. To date, the only commercial use of this resin has been
removal of boron from saturated brine. AMD Austin has made several
enhancements to their UPW system to reduce the boron loading on
the mixed beds, but nothing has made a significant impact. If
the boron selective resin could be used to remove boron ahead
of the mixed beds, there might be a potential operating cost savings
sufficient to justify adding boron removal ion exchange to the
system.
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